BEGC-101: Indian Classical Literature

The given lines are spoken by Sita in the Ramayana when Ravana, disguised as a mendicant, attempts to tempt her. Sita condemns his sinful intentions and compares him to a river that destroys its own banks. This metaphor shows that Ravana’s immoral actions will destroy his own honour and dynasty. The passage highlights Sita’s moral strength, chastity and unwavering devotion to Rama while exposing Ravana’s inner corruption.

These words are spoken by Vidura in the Mahabharata when Duryodhana refuses wise counsel. Vidura warns the Kuru elders that Duryodhana’s reckless behaviour will destroy the dynasty. His speech reflects his commitment to dharma and exposes the tragic failure of the elders to prevent injustice.

Bhavabhuti is a major Sanskrit dramatist known for Mahaviracharita, Malatimadhava and Uttararamacharita. His drama focuses on deep psychological conflict and karuna rasa. Unlike Kalidasa’s lyrical style, Bhavabhuti emphasises moral struggle and emotional intensity.

The Prologue introduces the theme and mood of the play through the Sutradhar and Nati. It prepares the audience emotionally, establishes the rasa, and creates a connection between performance and spectators.

Verse expresses intense emotions and philosophical ideas, while prose reflects everyday speech and humour. This combination enhances realism and dramatic effectiveness.

Sangam Literature refers to early Tamil writings dealing with love, war, ethics and social life. It is divided into Akam (love) and Puram (public life), representing a rich literary tradition.

According to Bharatamuni, drama aims to educate and entertain by evoking rasa. It reflects human emotions, teaches dharma and provides aesthetic pleasure to society.

Kalidasa presents kingship as a moral responsibility. Dushyanta’s repentance shows that a king must be accountable to higher ethical values.

The Mahabharata uses layered narration with multiple storytellers, allowing philosophical and moral debates to coexist within the epic structure.

They introduce the play, guide the audience and establish the dramatic framework, reflecting classical Sanskrit theatrical tradition.

Kalidasa transforms a brief Mahabharata episode into a refined romantic drama. By introducing the curse and ring episode, he deepens emotional complexity and emphasises destiny over moral failure.

Draupadi questions the legality of being staked after Yudhishthira loses himself. Her arguments expose patriarchal injustice and affirm her intelligence and moral courage.

Vidura warns against injustice and moral blindness. His ignored advice highlights the central Mahabharata theme that neglect of dharma leads to destruction.

Sudraka presents realistic characters like Charudatta, Vasantasena and Sansthanaka, reflecting moral complexity and social realism.

Akam represents personal love while Puram deals with public life and justice. Both merge in Kannagi’s character.

Dharma is the epic’s core. It is shown as complex and contextual, guiding human conduct through ethical dilemmas.